LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. Several types of research have been conducted about the impact of modern
lifestyle on the immune system. The study of FARHUD( 2015), states that lifestyle is an important factor in mental, physical, and social health. It has different types of factors, in which
the dominant form of an unhealthy lifestyle is the misuse or overuse of
medications. 15 to 40% of people use medication without a doctor’s prescription, in
which antibiotics hurt the immune system, increasing genetic disorders (FARHUD, 2015). These researches have
suggested key factors for a healthy lifestyle, which include diet, exercise,
sleep, sexual behavior, substance abuse, medication abuse, and misapplication of modern technology (FARHUD, 2015).
2. Another rather research has been conducted about how probiotics confer health benefits of Bagchi (2014), which was to enhance the awareness of probiotic bacterium found in certain food supplementations. He conducted
research on children, in two types of populations with different dietary
habits (Bagchi, 2014). One study group of children’s diet included protein
and fat, while the other group had high fiber contents with low protein and fat
in their diet regimen. The result of this research was that changes in dietary
habits have a significant impact on children’s health and immune system outcomes. (Bagchi,
2014).
3. The study of Shochat (2012), is associated with disturbed
sleep patterns. Due to the enhancement of technology, modern society members
busy their lives with 24 hr work operations and excessive use of electronic
devices such as television, computers, and android cell phones, which indirectly
affect health due to disturbed sleep patterns (Shochat, 2012). Other
points related to the study by Shochat ( 2012) discussed, are the
negative impact of insufficient
exercise, and the usage of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. The study recommends
adequate sleep, a calm environment, and avoidance of alcohol and caffeine,
which cause insomnia (Shochat, 2012).
4.
other research has been conducted about the impact of
modern lifestyle on the immune system. The study of González-Gross( 2013),
determined that in the last 50 years,
occupational physical activity has been increased by approximately 120 kcal/day,
which indirectly enhances the risk
factor of obesity and coronary artery disease, which reduces our
immunity, but researchers still need to find out the exact relation of
physical activities in a modern lifestyle with obesity and cardiovascular
diseases (González-Gross, 2013). In the last 6 to 10 years, he concluded
that the moderate level of exercise and physical activity reduced the
prevalence of obesity and overweight in all age groups (González-Gross,
2013).
5.
other research has been conducted about the impact of modern
lifestyle on the immune system. The study by Bodai ( 2017), shows that depression
and anxiety are the most common factors which hurt psychological and emotional behavior. Stress is difficult to calculate
mathematically because humans face it in their daily life, but depression is an
advanced form of anxiety, which affects human behavior and performance. It is
the 2nd largest disease in the world, which is related to cardiovascular
disease and immunity (Bodai, 2017). So he concluded that depression and
coronary artery disease are reciprocal to each other and both show harmful
effects on immunity (Bodai, 2017).
6. The study of Qiu ( 2017), explains the impact of smoking
on human health and the immune system associated with any specific diseases.
Cigarettes are a habitual problem worldwide and Qiu ( 2017) summarized that
about 1/3 of the population is addicted to smoking cigarettes. Tobacco
consumption causes harmful chemicals which include carbon monoxide, nicotine,
Cadmium, and nitric oxide. Qiu ( 2017) concluded in his research that cigarettes
are just like a double-edged sword, which damages the human immune system,
which is related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, and
infectious diseases.
7. The study by Cook ( 2008), explains the complication of alcohol
abuse, which aggravates psychiatric
illness and alters the immune system. The outcome of immune deficiency includes
tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and other infectious diseases (Cook,
2008). The research also concludes that most liver diseases and liver failure
are the common complications of excessive use of alcohol, which directly
reduces the immune system (Cook, 2008).
8. The study of Sepa ( 2005), investigates the effects of
psychological stress on pregnant women. Social and family problems affecting
pregnant mothers enhance the diabetic-related autoimmune disease in
infants. This research was conducted during pregnancy and at 1 year of child
age, to diagnose the difference in psychosocial stress in her life during
pregnancy (Sepa, 2005). The research determined that about 1.8% of women are highly
stressed during pregnancy and concluded psychosocial stress in gestational
periods of females, is the main reason behind diabetic-related autoimmunity (Sepa, 2005).
9. The study by Gerber( 2003), investigated the relation of modern
lifestyle with breast cancer in western countries. Excessive use of
alcohol in postmenopausal women inhibits the DNA repairmen which affects the
estrogen mechanisms, enhancing the tumor cell’s growth (Gerber, 2003).
Some other substances like aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette tobacco enhance polycystic ovarian disease. (Gerber, 2003).
10. The study of Melamed ( 2006), concludes that excessive use of
unhealthy foods, physical fatigue, and emotional stress are related to
cardiovascular disease. Burnout is the form of emotional exhaustion
due to prolonged exposure to social stress and work-related stress,
which disturbed humans mentally and physically and decreased their
immunity (Melamed, 2006)
PAST REFERENCES:
Bagchi, T. (2014). Traditional food & modern
lifestyle: Impact of probiotics. IJMR. Indian journal of medical research, 140 (3), 333-335.
Bodai, B. I. (2017,
Sep). Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and
Survival. Permanente Journal, 17-25.
Cook, R. T. (2008).
Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism, and Damage to the Immune System—A Review. alcoholism clinical and experimental research, 92.
FARHUD, D. D. (2015).
Impact of Lifestyle on Health. Iranian journal of public health,
14 (11), 1442-1444.
Gerber, B. (2003,
May). Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors on the Risk of Developing Breast
Cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 265-276.
González-Gross, M.
(2013). Sedentarism, active lifestyle and sport: impact on health and obesity
prevention. nutrician hospitalaria , 28 (5), 89-98.
Melamed, S. (2006).
Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths,
and promising research directions. American psychological association,
132 (3), 327-353.
Qiu, F. (2017).
Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside
down? oncotargit , 8 (1), 268-284.
Sepa, A. (2005).
Psychological Stress May Induce Diabetes-Related Autoimmunity in Infancy. American diabetic association, 28 (2), 290-295.
Shochat, T. (2012).
Impact of lifestyle and technology developments on sleep. Nature and
science of sleep, 19-31.
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